Many backup because they have seen the dark side of failing to do so, blessed are those that backup who have not seen! — T.E. RONNEBERG
According to Chainalysis, a blockchain data platform with governmental ties, about 20% of existing bitcoin may have been irrecoverably lost by 2021. That percentage mostly goes up as new adopters pile on. Many reasons contribute to this, but key among them is complacence to create backup access to your bitcoin.
However you choose to store your bitcoin, there is always something important to backup. If you use a hardware wallet, then you should backup your seed phrase and PIN code. A seed phrase is a sequence of words that you can use to reconstruct your wallet on another device. This comes handy if you lose your phone or laptop. A seed phrase could be 12 or 24 words and it is almost impossible to guess. If someone has it, then you gave it to them or they took it. A PIN code is a numeric password that prevents unauthorized access to your hardware wallet. Don’t use your date of birth.
If you store your bitcoin on an online wallet, then you should back up your private keys1 , seed phrase, password and 2 factor authentication. Your private key is a 256 bit number that allows you to spend your bitcoin. If you give it away, it belongs to you and the new recipients. 2 factor authentication is process to verify yourself with another device. Google authenticator is the most widely used standard. You should backup the authentication key in case you lose your phone or heavens forbid, have a boating accident. Your backups are the spare keys to your kingdom. Guard them ferociously. Never store online.
I FORGOT MY PIN
HOW I LOST $30000 IN BITCOIN
In January 2016, Mark Frauenfelder had recently started work as a research director at the Institute for the Future’s Blockchain Futures Lab. He was eager to experience how bitcoin worked first hand. So he jumped down the rabbit hole with skin in the game. He bought 7.4 bitcoin for a whopping $3000. Like most new users, he was fascinated with the experience. He got Starbucks credits and even made some purchases on Amazon with bitcoin. Life was good. Mark was happy.
Nearly 10 months later, bitcoin prices went on a tantrum like it habitually does. It had doubled and it seemed unstoppable. Up until that point, Mark had kept his bitcoin on a web-based hot wallet but the appreciation called for more secure practices. That was the right thing to do. So he did some research and bought a hardware wallet, Trezor2. The setup was fairly straightforward until he got to a point where he was required to write down a sequence of 24 words. What fresh Nakamoto sorcery was this? The words were randomly generated on the device. He obliged. Next he was prompted to enter a PIN. He wrote it down on the same orange piece of paper as the 24 word seed phrase.
The wallet website explained that those 24 words were his recovery words and could be used to generate the master private key to his wallets. If he lost his hardware wallet or it stopped working, he could recover his bitcoin by entering those 24 words into a new device or any other hardware or online wallets that use the same standard key-generation algorithm.
He transferred his bitcoin to a newly configured device. Then tossed both the device and piece of paper into a desk drawer in his home office. He planned to etch those 24 words into a metal stock where it would be protected from natural elements and disaster. Life was good. Mark was happy.
Mar 16, 2017
7.4 BTC = $8,799
THE MISTAKE
It was 6:30 in the morning. Mark and his wife were getting ready to leave for the airport on vacation. As he was going through his desk drawer for a phone charger, he saw the orange piece of paper with the seed phrase and PIN. “What should I do with this?” The coins had almost tripled in value and it wasn’t too much of a stretch to imagine them worth $50,000 someday. “If our plane plowed into the ocean, I’d want my daughters to be able to get the bitcoins.” See Mark had two kids. So he planned for his bitcoins incase something happened to him. He put the 24 word paper and pin under his daughter’s pillow with a note;
~ if anything happens, show this paper to Cory. He’ll know what to do with it.
Love, Dad.
Apr 4, 2017
7.4 BTC = $8,384
THE DUMPSTER
Mark had been back from vacation a while now when he remembered that piece of paper. He went into the room and looked for it. He looked under the pillow. He did not find it. He looked under the bed. He did not find it. Where could it be? Aha! He had the house cleaned while on vacation. Perhaps the good people at the cleaning service knew where it was. So his wife called them to inquire about it but the cleaning lady responded:
I threw it away.
Life was still good but Mark was getting worried. He knew the garbage collectors had made their rounds but he went dumpster diving anyway, because who doesn’t love the smell of fresh nitrile gloves and old Amazon boxes. He looked in the corners, he did not find it. He looked in the bottom, he did not find it. The garbage stank. Mark was no longer happy.
His wife asked if losing the paper was a big deal. It was a big deal but Mark didn’t want her to worry, so he came up with the most manly gobbledygook:
Not really … It’s just a hassle, that’s all. I’ll have to send all the bitcoins from the device to an online wallet, reinitialize3 the device, generate a new word list, and put the bitcoins back on the device. It would only be bad if I couldn’t remember my PIN, but I know it. It’s 551445.
He plugged in his device and entered 551445. It did not take. He must have made a mistake entering the PIN so he tried again carefully. FIVE, FIVE, ONE, FOUR, FOUR, FIVE. Surprise! It did not take. Perhaps a slight variation would do the trick. You know how these things are. He entered: 554445. It did not take.
He looked at the tiny monochrome display of the wallet and noticed something new. There was a countdown timer. That wasn’t there before. It was making him wait a few seconds after each failed attempt. He went to the wallet manufacturer’s website to learn about PIN delays. This is when he read a seemingly innocuous but potentially troubling piece of information: the delay doubled every time a wrong PIN was entered. The site said, “The number of PIN entry failures is stored in the device’s memory.” This meant that powering off the device wouldn’t make the wait time go to zero again.
In theory, a betting thief would go through a lifetime of PIN numbers against astronomic odds. In the meanwhile, the rightful owner would have enough time to move funds to a new device. It was a beautiful day but Mark was in panic mode.
He made a few more guesses and with each failed attempt, his sense of unease grew in proportion to the PIN delay. It was now 2,048 seconds which is about 34 minutes. Imagine you had to wait 34 minutes each time you got your password wrong. He launched his desktop calculator and worked out that it would take 30 years before his 31st guess. He would be a granddaddy by then. The law of compounding returns is a cruel mistress when it works against you. One hundred guesses would have taken more than 80 sextillion years. A number so large, every foreseeable generation of his bloodline would have a shot at the device.
His mind became scrambled with permutations of PINs. As he went into the kitchen to prepare dinner he couldn’t think of much else besides the unique challenge he faced. While slicing potatoes, he mentally shuffled numbers around like scrabble tiles on a rack. After some time, a number popped into his head: 55144545. That was it! He walked from the kitchen to the office. The wallet still had a few hundred seconds left on the countdown so he filled that time with routine chores until it was ready for another try. FIVE FIVE ONE FOUR FOUR FIVE FOUR FIVE. It did not take. Mark was in ultra-panic mode.
That night he dreamed a dream of 1s, 4s and 5s. The wallet was trolling him in his sleep. An inanimate oversize USB that kept his secret with a secret of its own. The irony was confounding. The anxiety, undeniable.
Apr 5, 2017
7.4 BTC = $8,325
THE SEARCH
The following morning, he started looking for alternative methods to access his wallet. Methods that did not involve recalling the PIN or recovery words. If he lost his debit card PIN instead, he could have contacted his bank and reclaimed access. Bitcoin was different. There was no front desk to lodge a complaint against. Just a vast network of computers that don’t know each other and a hardware manufacturer that was equally as helpless. The high quality bitcoin services/devices, at least the ones you should be using, are designed so even the service providers can’t help you when you screw up. Mark had stored his private key on such a device and now he was on his own against the most powerful network in the world.
May 25, 2017
7.4 BTC = $12,861
THE HYPNOTIST
When shear force of will failed him repeatedly, Mark now turned to an unusual science to fish out the important memory that was making him miserable. His wife had done an interview with a Hollywood hypnotist a few years earlier. She made a reservation and Mark went to see her.
Early in the session, the hypnotist had him reenact the experience of writing his PIN on a piece of paper. She was meticulous about every detail down to the color. She put the paper in her desk drawer and asked him to sit down, open the drawer and look at the paper. She explained that they were trying different techniques to trigger the memory of the PIN. After nearly four billable hours on her sofa, he decided the PIN was 5514455.
It took a few days to build the nerve to try again. Every time he thought about the hardware wallet, his blood would pound in his head then he would start to sweat. When he finally tried the number again, it didn’t take. He now had to wait 16,384 seconds, or about 4.5 hours.
Aug 12, 2017
7.4 BTC = $28,749
THE FINAL GUESS
He tried to stop thinking about bitcoin, but how could he? The price action had been strong over the summer while CNBC made unrealistic predictions with their motley crew and lineup of newly minted celebrity guests. Twitter was abuzz with self proclaimed know-it-alls from every wood work imaginable. Mostly cartoon avatars that recently discovered freedom of speech.
Just a few weeks earlier, the eccentric software entrepreneur John McAfee tweeted that a single bitcoin would be worth more than $500,000 in three years. All this drama did little but fuel Mark’s anxiety. Everybody seemed to be making money. He couldn’t escape the fact that the only thing keeping him from a fortune was a simple number. A number that he used to recall effortlessly. It was now hidden in his brain, impervious to hypnotism, meditation, and self-scolding. Bitcoin was growing in value, and it was getting further away from him. Mark felt helpless.
One evening, while folding laundry, his daughter came in with excitement.
“I know what the bitcoin password is! It’s 55445!”
“Why do you think that?”
“Well, you sometimes use 5054 as your password, but since the Trezor doesn’t have a zero, you would have just skipped it and put nothing there. You wouldn’t have made it 5154, you would have just used 554, and added 45 to it.”
He thought she might be right. Once the wallet was ready, he asked his family to gather around his computer with him. He wanted them for moral support, to make sure he entered the PIN correctly, and to share in the celebration if the PIN was correct. Mark was hopeful.
His heart was racing. He entered the PIN slowly. Each time he entered a digit, he looked up for a nodding approval from one of his family members like a bomb disposal unit where the wrong keystroke meant sudden death. After entering 55445, he hovered the mouse cursor over the “Enter” button. They all held their breath. He clicked it gently. IT DID NOT TAKE.
Wrong PIN entered. Please wait 32,768 seconds to continue…
“Ah, shit,” “Nine hours”. The next morning before breakfast, he went into the office by himself and unceremoniously tried 554455. It did not take.
Wrong PIN entered. Please wait 65,536 seconds to continue…
Great! Eighteen hours.
Aug 16, 2017
7.4 BTC = $32,390
THE EMAIL
What was wrong with his brain? Would he have remembered the PIN if he were in his 20s or 30s? He was feeling sorry for himself when he saw an email from the manufacturer in his inbox. The subject line read, “Firmware Security Update 1.5.2.”. The email stated that there was a bug in an older firmware versions that could be exploited by hackers. This exploit could potentially reveal seed phrase or PIN number.
In order to exploit this issue, an attacker would have to break into the device, destroying the case in the process. They would also need to flash the device with a specially crafted firmware. If your device is intact, your seed is safe, and you should update your firmware to 1.5.2 as soon as possible. With firmware 1.5.2, this attack vector is eliminated and your device is safe.
Could there have been a vulnerability in the wallet’s security this entire time that could potentially rescue his bitcoins? He went on reddit to see what people were saying about it. The first thing he found was a link to a Medium post by someone who said they knew how to hack the wallet using the exploit mentioned in the email.
The author included photos of a disassembled device and a screengrab of a file dump that had 24 key words and a PIN. The author also included a link to custom firmware but no instructions on how to use it. The author was a familiar handle. They had crossed paths on reddit five months earlier when he started looking for a solution to his problem! He considered getting in touch but decided to reach out to bitcoin evangelist Andreas M. Antonopoulos instead. They had gotten acquainted over the years and even done interviews together.
Mark emailed Andreas on Aug 20 and told him he couldn’t access $30,000 worth of bitcoin stuck in his hardware wallet. He asked if the vulnerability offered a chance to retrieve his bitcoins. Andreas replied:
The vulnerability described in the article is in fact real and it can be used to recover your seed, since you have not upgraded firmware to 1.5.2 (I assume), which disables this vulnerability.
Mark hadn’t upgraded. He was lucky and furthermore still because Andreas knew a teenage coding whiz who had done work on that particular hardware related software. The kid was a 15 year old UK resident who went by the name Saleem Rashid. Even though Andreas had never met him, they’d both spent time hanging out on Slack. The hardware manufacturing team knew about Saleem and previously gave him a couple of development devices to experiment with. Andreas suggested they set up a private chat with Saleem on Telegram4. A few minutes later, Andreas introduced him to Saleem:
“Mark is the owner of a well-locked Trezor hoping for a miracle.”
The plan was simple: Saleem would initialize a test device with identical firmware as Mark’s. He would practice a recovery hack on it then send the exploit program to Mark over Telegram. Mark would buy a second device and practice installing and executing Saleem’s hack until he mastered it. Only then would he attempt the exploit on the original device. This was all head banging technology with high stakes. Mark asked for step-by-step video instructions on what to do. He offered 0.05 BTC ($200) up-front and an additional 0.2 BTC ($800) if the hack was successful in getting the bitcoins back. Saleem agreed to the terms. Mark added, “If you end up spending a lot of extra time preparing the instructions, let me know and we can increase the payment accordingly.” He ordered a second device on Amazon.
Aug 24, 2017
7.4 BTC = $32,387
THE FEE
SALEEM:
Hey Mark The video is done, but I would like to raise the price a bit for a few reasons
1. Making the video was absolute hell (I don't have a proper camera for this so I had to do some elaborate mounting system which took ages to set up)
2. I had to write the code for the exploit firmware (which I think should be factored into the price)
MARK:
Fair enough
SALEEM:
So, would it be possible to get 0.35 BTC for the video and the exploit firmware, then 0.5 BTC if you're successful? For a total of 0.85 BTC. I know it's a steep increase, but I think it's a fair amount for the work I've done
MARK:
Have you tested your firmware on a device that's running the same firmware that I have?
SALEEM:
In the video I install 1.4.0 on a device, set it up, then get the PIN wrong a few times (so it's in the same state as yours)
MARK:
OK, it's a deal then.
He just agreed to the equivalent of $3,700, almost four times the original fee. But he figured it was worth it. If he could just see his PIN again—the one that wallet recovery services, reddit users, and everyone else told him was irrecoverable—he would happily pay Saleem whatever he asked. It would be a miracle. How could you put a price on that? Mark was optimistic.
Saleem gave Mark a bitcoin address and he sent him 0.35 bitcoin. A minute later, he uploaded two files, one called exploit.bin, the other a 10-minute video. The video was a screen capture of his computer display, showing Linux line commands that he was entering in a terminal window. There was no sound. The lower-right of the video had a picture-in-picture of his device, taped down to a desktop.
Aug 26, 2017
7.4 BTC = $32,208
THE EXPLOIT
It had been almost 5 months since the hardware wallet locked him out of its contents but on the night of August 26, Mark slept surprisingly well. The following day was showdown. He had the house to himself. He cleared off a small desk in his office and went to work on the device.
He watched the exploit video and copied down Linux commands that he would paste into a terminal window. By following the instructions, he downgraded the firmware. He then gave the test device a new PIN (2468) and wrote down the 24-word seed it generated. After that, he installed the exploit firmware and entered a few more commands. It worked! The practice device had been successfully cracked. He could see the recovery keywords and PIN on his computer display. He went through the process six more times, which took the entire morning and most of the afternoon. Time flew. He missed lunch and his usual afternoon espresso but he had no desire for either. Mark was on a mission.
Now came the time to try the exploit on the target device that held his 7.4 BTC. You’d think that seven trial runs would’ve prepared him for the real deal but Mark was nervous. One instruction at a time. He downgraded his device firmware just like he’d practiced. Then he installed the exploit firmware. There was no turning back. Either this was going to work, or the device would be wiped clean. His bitcoin would be gone forever, even if he happened to recall his PIN sometime in the future. Now he needed to enter a few more commands to read his 24 word seed. He stroke the keyboard deliberately till the final command. Then he leaned over and hit enter. IT WORKED!
The 24 seed words he’d written on a piece of paper in December and lost in March had risen from the graveyard of lost bitcoins. They were now glowing on the screen of his computer. He could’ve stopped there. Those 24 words were the only thing he needed to recover his 7.4 BTC. He could’ve reinitialized the device, entered the words back into it and he would’ve been done. But there was one more thing he needed to do, and it was even more important than the money. He was going to force the device to cough up his PIN.
From the exploit instructions, he copied a string of text and added it to a Linux command Saleem had supplied. The PIN appeared instantly. He stood up, raised his arms, and began laughing or crying. He had conquered the device and one-upped the part of his brain that thought it could keep a secret from him. Fuck both of them, he thought. He had won against cryptographic odds.
REKT
Why hadn’t he backed up his PIN outside the orange note? And why did he leave the only copy of his back up under a pillow? No reason. We often overestimate our memory, which is a good place to lose things longterm. You forget more things than you remember, phone numbers, dates, names and passwords. It didn’t occur to Mark that the tooth fairy would visit and take his seed phrase. And he expected to remember his PIN number with no effort. He just might have, if he’d tried sooner but we’ll never know.
In the months he spent trying to crack his device, he learned more about bitcoin and passwords than most will learn in a lifetime. He even got hands-on experience with firmware of a hardened cryptographic safe. But it is likely he would’ve preferred not to learn the hard way. In the future, he won’t leave his backups in an un-secure location again.
LESSON
Mark backed up his seed phrase and PIN the right way in the beginning but he didn’t plan sufficiently for his trip. You don’t keep the keys to your Swiss Bank deposit box under a pillow. The cleaning service personnel could have found it. What if they knew what it was and wiped his wallet clean before he got back from his trip. Lucky for him, they only threw it away. The right action was to treat the physical safety of his wallet with the respect it deserved. He could’ve kept it in a secure drawer and left a message for his next of kin. That way, if anything happened on his trip, his bitcoin would have found its way to the right hands. When you make a physical backup, you move security into the physical realm. You should account for physical threat vectors. While Mark wasn’t attacked from the outside, his human weakness got the better of him. Never overestimate your ability to remember.
How should you back up? There are several ways to do that safely depending on your level of technical expertise. If you have the chops of a grandma, copy your seed phrase into a notebook and label it “grandmas recipe”. If you are a computer savvy dad with a blackberry, print your seed phrase and private keys on a home computer. DO NOT print on your office computer. If you do, there will be copies of your seed and private keys on the office network. If you are an advanced digital native, you could encrypt your seed phrase and store them in two USB drives. Label them carefully and never lend out or connect to a computer after you test your backup. Always test your backup or you risk locking yourself out of your own treasure.
I THREW AWAY MY HARD DRIVE
7500 BTC IN A LANDFILL
I wish I could go back in time and not throw that drive away. - James Howells
James Howells was an IT engineer living in Newport whales. By the end of 2008, just before Christmas, he stumbled upon an intriguing find. A technical paper like nothing he’d ever seen. It was concise and conveyed big ideas with eloquent precision. James was one of the few people on earth lucky enough to have the intellectual curiosity and technical literacy to discover the bitcoin White Paper. He downloaded it, gave it a quick scan but didn’t act for weeks.
At that time, there was no information about bitcoin. No websites, no YouTube videos, nothing. There were only 2 pieces of information you could download. The bitcoin White Paper and the bitcoin client (software). When he finally got around to reading the White Paper again, it was January 2009. He read it a few times and started to think differently. He suspected it was a monetary system where issuance and supply were decided by a network of computers online. So he started mining as a participant.
In order to mine bitcoin back then, you needed 3 things: the bitcoin client (software), a history of all bitcoin transactions and a connection to other computers mining bitcoin (nodes). James already had the bitcoin client. He downloaded the history of all transactions, there weren’t many. Finally, he connected to all the other computers mining bitcoin. There were only 6 of them. When James started mining, he was connected to Satoshi Nakamoto’s personal computer on the network.
I mined more than 7500 coins over one week’s time in 2009. There were just six of us doing it at the time and it was like the early days of the gold rush.
James would leave his computer on all night to mine virtually free bitcoin. The process ran his machine hot and drove his fan to overwork. After a while, the noise became unbearable so his girlfriend made him stop. He had accumulated about 7500 btc. He forgot about bitcoin. Four years passed and life went on.
During that time, James tinkered with keyboards, computer mice and hard drives in his home office. He was a bit of geek. One day, after spilling a drink on his laptop, he took out the hard drive and put in his drawer. Over time, his tinkering hobby built significant clutter. In 2013, it so happened that right before a scheduled holiday, he decided to clear up all the clutter. During the clean up, he came across 2 unlabeled hard drives in his drawer. He threw one in the garbage. It was somebody else’s problem now. The garbage eventually ended up in the Docksway landfill site near Newport, Whales. There was less clutter in James’ life.
Not long after, bitcoin started making the news. It always does. The increase in price, the silk road shut down, stories of newly minted millionaires and the list went on. James remembered his stash of 7500 btc. It was more money than he had made in all his professional life. He had struck oil by simply leaving his computer on to run a noisy software for weeks. All he had to do was access the hard drive and he would be rich. That’s when he realized he had thrown out the wrong hard drive.
All the files I believed I needed were already on my new computer. The drive was in a drawer on its own after an incident with a previous laptop. And I thought I had taken off everything I needed.
He rushed to the landfill requesting permission to dig up his hard drive. Permission was denied! The city council cited environmental concerns as grounds for rejection. He requested a few more times but was denied each request. With every passing day through 2013, his hard drive grew in value until market cycles reversed by the end of the year. Devastated, he went to several IRC chatrooms looking for help in retrieving his hard drive. This is how a reporter picked up on the story and it became national news.
In 2014, the price of bitcoin declined steadily making it less appealing for any excavation requests. It became an economic versus environmental argument for a while. In 2016, bitcoin price started creeping up. The economic side of the argument started to look good again. James found investors willing to shoulder the risk if anything went wrong but the city council did not reverse their decision. The entire time, the land fill had been, well, filling. Bitcoin’s volatility was taking them all for ride. James was not having fun staying poor.
In 2017, when bitcoin skyrocketed again, he went back to the council and told them the hard drive was worth $100 million. They still said no. But it was different this time. He could sense they were interested.
In 2022, he went back with fresh ideas for another excavation mission. This time it included not only environmental and data recovery experts but robot dogs for security so no one else would try to steal the hard drive. James offered to sweeten the deal by turning the landfill into a power generation plant that would mine bitcoin for the people of Newport if he was successful.
The jury is still out but at what price point would the landfill council cave? $100k, $500k or $1 million per bitcoin? Guess we’ll all find out together.
REKT
In the UK, general waste bins are given serial numbers. When a bin is full, it is taken to a landfill where the operators assign a grid reference to it. This grid reference ties a location to the content of a general waste bin. In theory, a garbage collection date and serial number should be enough to estimate the location and depth of the hard drive, with longitudinal precision, in a sea of garbage. As interesting as this information is, none of it matters if the landfill council do not approve. And approve, they did not. The council had safety concerns that included harmful chemical leaks as well as potentials fires that could burn for years. There was also the possibility that the hard drive may have deteriorated beyond recovery due to corrosion.
Nobody outside of landfill operators needs to know any of this. But James did. And now so do you. Instead of prioritizing life and a profession, James became a landfill expert among other things.
I would like to know which hard drive experts they consulted, because I am pretty sure the council have nobody who is qualified in data recovery on their team.
It is difficult to fault him. He backed up his bitcoin wallet even when they were worthless. There were no hardware wallets at the time. BIP39, the innovation that gave us the seed phrase, had not yet been invented so he couldn’t take advantage of it. Perhaps he could have labeled his hard drives properly? His story is a true tragedy but it underscores the importance of backing up your wallets. In the undesirable event that you lose access to your bitcoins, nobody can help you without a backup.
I’m absolutely devastated as you can imagine.
We never would have known who James was or at best he would have simply been one of the early bitcoin nouveau riche. Now he is immortal to bitcoin’s history because of the fortune he lost and the lesson we draw from it. Perhaps it was for the best. Finding his hard drive would mean finding an extra clue that could potentially uncover bitcoin’s mysterious founder. Nobody wants that. Or do we?
LESSON
Your backup is plan b if something goes wrong unexpectedly. If you make a physical backup, then treat physical security with seriousness. This means that you wouldn’t let it fall into the wrong hands, fall victim to the elements or suffer from human shortcomings or incompetence. You would keep it in a safe that is protected with physical assurances. You would create a failsafe so that your memory doesn’t let you down.
Short and sweet as promised. Now you know why you should always back up your private keys, seed phrase and PIN. Lord Thoth can’t help you if you don’t. If you think that’s bad, wait till you hear the horrors about how exchanges are run and the people who kept their bitcoin on them in “CHAPTER 3”. Don’t forget to comment and tell your friends. Lord Thoth appreciates you.
Private keys, also known as secret keys, are one part of a sophisticated form of cryptography called public-key cryptography. It is the part responsible for encrypting and decrypting your messages. Guard it well.
A Trezor is like a USB with a secure operating system that is used to store your keys and sign transactions. It is an open-source hardware wallet.
Wipe out the device and reconfigure it again with a new 24 seed mnemonic phrase.
Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging and voice over IP service. A preferred medium for bitcoin traders, OTC (over the counter) deals and peer to peer transactions. It is now one of the most dangerous places to seek customer support because of its impersonation problem.
A very well written book about bitcoin, told through several powerful stories. I really enjoyed it and waiting for more chapters.
Super interesting. Can't stop reading!!! Freddy, you did it this time (as always) 👏🏾